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"Modelling and simulation of tow angle between agricultural tractors and trailers". ^ Milliken, William F, and Milliken, Douglas L: "Race Car Vehicle Dynamics".The use of such geometry helps reduce tire temperatures during high-speed cornering but compromises performance in low-speed maneuvers. Some racing cars use reverse Ackermann geometry to compensate for the large difference in slip angle between the inner and outer front tires while cornering at high speed. Modern cars do not use pure Ackermann steering, partly because it ignores important dynamic and compliant effects, but the principle is sound for low-speed maneuvers.
Note that this may be difficult to arrange in practice with simple linkages, and designers are advised to draw or analyse their steering systems over the full range of steering angles. With perfect Ackermann, at any angle of steering, the centre point of all of the circles traced by all wheels will lie at a common point. The steering pivot points are joined by a rigid bar called the tie rod, which can also be part of the steering mechanism, in the form of a rack and pinion for instance. If the track rod is placed ahead of the axle, it should instead be longer in comparison, thus preserving this same "toe out".Ī simple approximation to perfect Ackermann steering geometry may be generated by moving the steering pivot points inward so as to lie on a line drawn between the steering kingpins and the centre of the rear axle. As the steering moved, the wheels turned according to Ackermann, with the inner wheel turning further. This was achieved by making the linkage not a simple parallelogram, but by making the length of the track rod (the moving link between the hubs) shorter than that of the axle, so that the steering arms of the hubs appeared to " toe out". A linkage between these hubs pivots the two wheels together, and by careful arrangement of the linkage dimensions the Ackermann geometry could be approximated. While more complex, this arrangement enhances controllability by avoiding large inputs from road surface variations being applied to the end of a long lever arm, as well as greatly reducing the fore-and-aft travel of the steered wheels. Rather than the preceding "turntable" steering, where both front wheels turned around a common pivot, each wheel gained its own pivot, close to its own hub.
Intersecting the axes of the front wheels on this line as well requires that the inside front wheel be turned, when steering, through a greater angle than the outside wheel. As the rear wheels are fixed, this centre point must be on a line extended from the rear axle. The geometrical solution to this is for all wheels to have their axles arranged as radii of circles with a common centre point. The intention of Ackermann geometry is to avoid the need for tires to slip sideways when following the path around a curve.